Comparisons by breastfeeding status were conducted by using the Rao-Scott χ 2 test, a design-adjusted version of Pearson’s χ 2 test, which accounts for complex survey design. Other insurance included any nonprivate sources of insurance such as government programs, including Medicaid, State Children’s Health Insurance Programs, military health care, and the Indian Health Service. Breastfeeding and nonbreastfeeding groups were compared across the following demographic variables: age of infant (0–5, 6–11 months), sex, race and/or ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic other ), receipt of benefits by the infant from the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program during the last 12 months (data available for 2009–2014 only), family income expressed as a percentage of the federal poverty level (FPL) (also known as poverty-to-income ratio and calculated by using US Department of Health and Human Services poverty guidelines on the basis of family income, family size, year, and state 23 ), education of head of household (less than or equal to high school diploma, some college, and college graduate), and health insurance status (private insurance, other insurance, and uninsured). 22 Breastfeeding included both exclusive (breast milk only) and partial (breast milk plus formula, other liquid, and/or solid food).
Breastfeeding was identified, per the NHANES definition, if an infant consumed any breast milk on either of the 2 possible days of dietary recall. Analyses were conducted across all infants 0 to 11 months of age as well as stratified by breastfeeding status.
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